Nicotinamide mononucleotide comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2025-08-24. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, abbreviated NMN, is a nucleotide composed of nicotinamide, ribose, and phosphate. Its structure links nicotinamide to D-ribose 5-phosphate through a glycosidic bond, placing it in the pyridine nucleotide family. The compound exists in alpha and beta anomeric forms, and the beta form is the one used in NAD+ biosynthesis. NMN is not a protein or a hormone; it is a small water-soluble molecule that occurs in living cells as a metabolic intermediate.
Natural sources of NMN include mammals, plants, and microorganisms, where it functions as an intermediate in NAD+ salvage and biosynthesis pathways. In mammals, the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase produces NMN from nicotinamide and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. NMN is then converted to NAD+ by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. Some foods contain measurable NMN, but reported amounts vary widely by species, tissue, and analytical method. The extent to which dietary NMN contributes to cellular NAD+ pools remains an open research question.
Chemically, NMN is described by the molecular formula C11H15N2O8P and a molecular mass near 334.22 g/mol. The beta anomer has a CAS Registry Number of 1094-61-7. It is typically supplied as a white to off-white powder for laboratory use. The molecule carries a phosphate group and a positively charged nicotinamide ring, giving it polar and water-soluble character. These properties influence how it is detected, purified, and stored in research and analytical laboratories.
Dietary sources of NMN include small amounts in certain vegetables, fruits, and other foods, although exact values vary by sample and method. Endogenous NMN concentrations are tightly regulated and often low, making measurement in blood or tissues technically demanding. After oral intake, NMN is thought to be rapidly metabolized in the intestine and liver, and intact NMN may not reach all tissues at high levels. Some rodent studies report increases in tissue NAD+ after oral NMN, while human data remain limited and sometimes rely on blood NAD+ metabolites rather than direct tissue measures.
Research on NMN has focused on aging, metabolic regulation, exercise capacity, and insulin sensitivity, but findings are preliminary. Many human trials are small, short in duration, and use different endpoints, which complicates comparison across studies. No national regulator has approved NMN as a therapeutic drug for any indication. In some countries it is sold as a supplement or research chemical, while other jurisdictions have questioned its status under food or supplement laws. Claims about extending human lifespan or reversing aging are not supported by established clinical evidence.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, abbreviated NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide found in the cells of many organisms, including bacteria, plants, and mammals. Its structure consists of a nicotinamide ring attached to a ribose-phosphate group. NMN functions as an intermediate in the NAD+ salvage pathway, a recycling route that regenerates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase produces NMN from nicotinamide and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. A second enzyme, NMN adenylyltransferase, then converts NMN into NAD+.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | Nicotinamide mononucleotide | Often abbreviated NMN |
| Chemical formula | C11H15N2O8P | Beta anomer form |
| Molecular mass | 334.22 g/mol | Calculated from formula |
| CAS Registry Number | 1094-61-7 | Beta-NMN |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical laboratory grade |
NMN is present in small amounts in some foods, including certain vegetables, fruits, and animal products, but food content varies widely and is not well standardized. In laboratory research, NMN is used as a tool compound to study NAD+ metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cellular stress responses. Animal studies have reported changes in NAD+ levels and various physiological measures after NMN administration, but species differences and study designs limit direct extrapolation to humans. Human trials have largely focused on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics, with fewer studies examining clinical endpoints.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, commonly abbreviated NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide. Its structure consists of a nicotinamide ring attached to a ribose sugar that carries a phosphate group. The molecular formula is C11H15N2O8P, and the molar mass is about 334.22 grams per mole. In cells, NMN is an intermediate in the salvage pathway that recycles nicotinamide to maintain NAD+ levels. It is not the same compound as NAD+, although it is a direct precursor in one enzymatic step.
Inside cells, the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, or NAMPT, converts nicotinamide and a ribose-phosphate donor into NMN. A second enzyme, NMN adenylyltransferase, then converts NMN into NAD+. NAD+ participates in redox reactions and serves as a substrate for signaling enzymes such as sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. Because NAD+ levels tend to decline with age in many organisms, NMN has drawn interest as a possible way to influence that decline. Whether oral NMN reliably raises NAD+ in human tissues, and whether any such change modifies disease risk, remain open research questions.
Trace amounts of NMN have been reported in certain plant foods, including edamame, avocado, broccoli, cucumber, and cabbage. Reported concentrations vary widely because analytical methods differ and food matrices complicate extraction. Endogenous production in cells is generally considered more quantitatively important than dietary intake, though precise human turnover rates are difficult to establish. Commercial NMN for research or consumer products is commonly made through enzymatic synthesis or chemical phosphorylation routes. Regulatory classification differs by country; in some jurisdictions NMN is sold as a supplement, while in others it is treated as a novel food ingredient or restricted substance.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, abbreviated NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide found in cells. Its structure combines a nicotinamide ring, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group. As an intermediate in the NAD+ salvage pathway, NMN is converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme central to cellular redox reactions. NAD+ also serves as a substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair, stress responses, and metabolic regulation. The compound is therefore part of normal cellular biochemistry rather than an exclusively synthetic molecule.
=== Flow check === A flow check is a check valve used in hydronic heating and cooling systems to prevent unwanted passive gravity flow. A flow check is a simple flow lifted gravity closed heavy metal stopper designed for low flow resistance, many decades of continuous service, and to self-clean the fine particulates commonly found in hydronic systems from the sealing surfaces. To accomplish self cleaning, the stopper is typically not conical. A circular recess in a weight that fits over a matching narrow ridge at the rim of an orifice is a common design. The application inherently tolerates a modest reverse leakage rate, a perfect seal is not required. A flow check has an operating screw to allow the valve to be held open, the opposite of the control on a stop-check valve, as an aide for filling the system and for purging air from the system.
== See also == Small humanin-like peptides, are a group of peptides found in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, and also possess retrograde signaling functions. MOTS-c, is a similar mitochondrial derived peptide with an overlapping effects profile with humanin peptides. PEPITEM, an antiinflammatory peptide which acts by inhibiting trafficking of T cells. Thymosin α1, an unrelated peptide which has similar immunomodulatory effects.
== Contraindications == Oral ketoconazole has various contraindications, such as concomitant use with certain other drugs due to known drug interactions. Other contraindications of oral ketoconazole include liver disease, adrenal insufficiency, and known hypersensitivity to oral ketoconazole.
Cold Cave is the solo electronic music project for musician Wesley Eisold, described as a "collage of darkwave, noise, and synthpop." A number of reviewers note the affinity with early 1980s post-punk and early synthpop, in particular Joy Division and New Order.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
===== MeSH D08.811.913.696 – phosphotransferases (EC 2.7) ===== MeSH D08.811.913.696.175 – diphosphotransferases MeSH D08.811.913.696.175.300 – gtp pyrophosphokinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.175.650 – ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.175.825 – thiamin pyrophosphokinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.310 – myosin type iii MeSH D08.811.913.696.445 – nucleotidyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.035 – n-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.184 – choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308 – dna nucleotidyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300 – dna-directed dna polymerase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.112 – dna polymerase beta MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.225 – dna polymerase i MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.230 – dna polymerase ii MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.235 – dna polymerase iii MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.750 – RNA-directed dna polymerase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.750.375 – hiv-1 reverse transcriptase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.750.750 – telomerase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.875 – taq polymerase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.308.325 – dna nucleotidylexotransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.400 – glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.600 – nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.625 – 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.650 – polynucleotide adenylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.692 – rec a recombinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735 – rna nucleotidyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.265 – dna, catalytic MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.270 – dna-directed rna polymerases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.270.375 – dna primase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.270.750 – rna polymerase i MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.270.762 – rna polymerase ii MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.270.775 – rna polymerase iii MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.270.887 – rna polymerase sigma 54 MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.532 – polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.630 – q beta replicase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.720 – rna helicases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.720.500 – eukaryotic initiation factor-4a MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.780 – rna replicase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.735.917 – rna, ribosomal, self-splicing MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.800 – sulfate adenylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.825 – transposases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.825.500 – hiv integrase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.837 – transposon resolvases MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.850 – UDP-glucose—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.875 – UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.900 – UTP—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.445.950 – vdj recombinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620 – phosphotransferases (alcohol group acceptor) MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.010 – adenosine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.155 – choline kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.175 – deoxycytidine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.200 – diacylglycerol kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225 – fructokinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225.850 – phosphofructokinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225.850.500 – phosphofructokinase-1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225.850.500.249 – phosphofructokinase-1, liver type MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225.850.500.500 – phosphofructokinase-1, muscle type MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225.850.500.750 – phosphofructokinase-1, type c MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.225.850.750 – phosphofructokinase-2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.240 – galactokinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.250 – glucokinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.275 – glycerol kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.300 – hexokinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.475 – kanamycin kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.525 – 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.550 – 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.650 – phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.680 – polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682 – protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.650 – phosphorylase kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700 – protein-serine-threonine kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.062 – activin receptors MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.062.500 – activin receptors, type i MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.062.750 – activin receptors, type ii MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.109 – bone morphogenetic protein receptors MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.109.500 – bone morphogenetic protein receptors, type i MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.109.750 – bone morphogenetic protein receptors, type ii MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125 – ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125.500 – myosin-light-chain kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.140 – casein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.140.300 – casein kinase i MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.140.300.100 – casein kinase ialpha MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.140.300.200 – casein kinase idelta MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.140.300.300 – casein kinase iepsilon MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.140.600 – casein kinase ii MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150 – cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125 – cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.500 – beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.150 – cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.575 – protamine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200 – cyclin-dependent kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.067 – cdc2-cdc28 kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.067.249 – cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.067.500 – cdc28 protein kinase, s cerevisiae MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.067.875 – cyclin-dependent kinase 5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.067.900 – cyclin-dependent kinase 9 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.323 – cyclin-dependent kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.451 – cyclin-dependent kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 – cyclin-dependent kinase 6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.580 – maturation-promoting factor MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.580.500 – cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.250 – dna-activated protein kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.300 – eif-2 kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.429 – glycogen synthase kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.429.500 – glycogen synthase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.494 – i-kappa B kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559 – map kinase kinase kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.100 – map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.200 – map kinase kinase kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.300 – map kinase kinase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.400 – map kinase kinase kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.500 – map kinase kinase kinase 5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.800 – proto-oncogene proteins c-mos MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.842 – raf kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.842.249 – oncogene proteins v-raf MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.842.374 – proto-oncogene proteins b-raf MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.842.500 – proto-oncogene proteins c-raf MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565 – mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.100 – map kinase kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.200 – map kinase kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.300 – map kinase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.400 – map kinase kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.500 – map kinase kinase 5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.600 – map kinase kinase 6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.565.700 – map kinase kinase 7 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567 – mitogen-activated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.342 – extracellular signal-regulated map kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.342.500 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.342.750 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.342.875 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.342.937 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.513 – jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.513.500 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.513.750 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.513.800 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.878 – p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.586 – oncogene protein v-akt MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.606 – phytochrome a MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646 – proline-directed protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500 – cyclin-dependent kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500 – cdc2-cdc28 kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500.500 – cyclin-dependent kinase 5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.750 – cyclin-dependent kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.875 – cyclin-dependent kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.937 – cyclin-dependent kinase 6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.625 – glycogen synthase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750 – mitogen-activated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.249 – extracellular signal-regulated map kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.249.500 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.249.750 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.249.875 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.249.937 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.374 – jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.374.500 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.374.750 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.374.800 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.750.843 – p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725 – protein kinase C MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.100 – protein kinase C-alpha MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.400 – protein kinase C-delta MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.750 – protein kinase C-epsilon MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.755 – proto-oncogene proteins C-akt MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.759 – proto-oncogene proteins C-bcr MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.776 – proto-oncogene proteins C-pim-1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.827 – rhodopsin kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.862 – ribosomal protein s6 kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.862.249 – ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 70-kda MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.862.500 – ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 90-kda MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725 – protein-tyrosine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.049 – focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.049.500 – focal adhesion kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.049.750 – focal adhesion kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200 – mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.100 – map kinase kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.200 – map kinase kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.300 – map kinase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.400 – map kinase kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.500 – map kinase kinase 5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.600 – map kinase kinase 6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.200.700 – map kinase kinase 7 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.300 – proto-oncogene proteins c-fes MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400 – receptor protein-tyrosine kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.020 – fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.024 – receptor, fibroblast growth factor, type 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.037 – receptor, fibroblast growth factor, type 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.043 – receptor, fibroblast growth factor, type 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.046 – receptor, fibroblast growth factor, type 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.050 – proto-oncogene proteins c-kit MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.075 – proto-oncogene proteins c-met MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.087 – proto-oncogene proteins c-ret MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.100 – receptor, epidermal growth factor MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.150 – receptor, erbb-2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.175 – receptor, erbb-3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.185 – receptor, igf type 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.200 – receptor, insulin MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.500 – receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.660 – receptor, trka MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.700 – receptor, trkb MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.800 – receptor, trkc MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850 – receptors, eph family MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.050 – receptor, epha1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.100 – receptor, epha2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.150 – receptor, epha3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.200 – receptor, epha4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.250 – receptor, epha5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.300 – receptor, epha6 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.400 – receptor, epha7 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.500 – receptor, epha8 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.600 – receptor, ephb1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.650 – receptor, ephb2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.700 – receptor, ephb3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.750 – receptor, ephb4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.850.800 – receptor, ephb5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.900 – receptors, platelet-derived growth factor MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.900.500 – receptor, platelet-derived growth factor alpha MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.900.750 – receptor, platelet-derived growth factor beta MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.925 – receptors, tie MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.925.249 – receptor, tie-1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.925.500 – receptor, tie-2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.950 – receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.950.100 – vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.950.200 – vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.950.300 – vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.500 – proto-oncogene proteins c-abl MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800 – src-family kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.315 – lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase p56(lck) MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.472 – oncogene protein pp60(v-src) MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.551 – proto-oncogene proteins c-fyn MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.590 – proto-oncogene proteins c-hck MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.610 – proto-oncogene proteins c-yes MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.630 – proto-oncogene proteins pp60(c-src) MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.900 – zap-70 protein-tyrosine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.685 – pyridoxal kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.695 – pyruvate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.750 – thymidine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.800 – uridine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.630 – phosphotransferases (carboxyl group acceptor) MeSH D08.811.913.696.630.025 – acetate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.630.050 – aspartate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.630.050.050 – aspartokinase homoserine dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.913.696.630.700 – phosphoglycerate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.640 – phosphotransferases (nitrogenous group acceptor) MeSH D08.811.913.696.640.025 – arginine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.640.150 – creatine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.640.150.500 – creatine kinase, bb form MeSH D08.811.913.696.640.150.625 – creatine kinase, mb form MeSH D08.811.913.696.640.150.750 – creatine kinase, mitochondrial form MeSH D08.811.913.696.640.150.875 – creatine kinase, mm form MeSH D08.811.913.696.645 – phosphotransferases (paired acceptors) MeSH D08.811.913.696.645.700 – pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.650 – phosphotransferases (phosphate group acceptor) MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.025 – adenylate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150 – atp synthetase complexes MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500 – proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.249 – bacterial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.500 – chloroplast proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.750 – mitochondrial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.875 – vacuolar proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.450 – guanylate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.550 – nucleoside-diphosphate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.575 – nucleoside-phosphate kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.900 – transferases (other substituted phosphate groups) MeSH D08.811.913.696.900.074 – CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.900.150 – CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.900.200 – diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase MeSH D08.811.913.696.900.250 – ethanolaminephosphotransferase
== Indian Biological Data Centre == Department of Biotechnology announces the launch of first Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) at Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad. A national facility to store, manage, archive and distribute all kind of biological data.
== Preservation and diagenesis == Steroids are often preserved in petroleum as saturated and aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons that result from transformations occurring during diagenesis. After senescence of steroids from aquatic producers, they undergo rapid re-mineralization under aerobic conditions in the upper water column. A small percentage of the intact sterols produced in the euphotic zone endure diagenesis, where microbial mediated transformations effectively yield compounds that can then be related back to their parent sterols and are more stable in the geologic record. The preservation of sterols is often limited, but is enhanced by anaerobic conditions during their deposition and subsequent diagenesis, in particular, early sulfurization and reduction mediated by sulfur species. Intact dinosterol has been reported from sediments of the presumed late Jurassic age, possibly due to incomplete degradation of lipids in the water column under high productivity conditions in the presence of sulfate reducers. These transformations are controlled by microbial activity and low temperature physiochemical reactions. Thermodynamically driven abiotic physicochemical reactions further alter the steroids by causing complete aromatization, isomerization and cracking of the steroids. These more stable compounds co-exist with their precursor sterols and their intermediate diagenetic products can only occur in immature sediments when incomplete microbial degradation has occurred.
Lukas May, lately Deputy Director, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, Department for Business and Trade. For services to International Trade. Kyron McMaster, Track and Field Athlete, British Virgin Islands. For services to Sport in the British Virgin Islands. Catherine O'Neill, lately Joint Head, Royal and Coronation Unit, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. For services to British Foreign Policy and to the Coronation of Their Majesties The King and The Queen. Professor Nicholas Paton, Professor of Infectious Diseases, National University of Singapore and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. For services to Global Health. Jacqueline Perkins, HM Ambassador, Minsk, Belarus. For services to British Foreign Policy. Ashley Pigott, Chairman and Managing Director, AJ Power, Northern Ireland. For services to UK Exports and Manufacturing. Lawrence Podesta, lately Chief Executive Officer, Gibraltar International Bank Ltd, Gibraltar. For services to Banking in Gibraltar. George Robinson, Deputy Director, Trade and Goods, Windsor Framework Taskforce, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. For services to British Foreign Policy. Taban Shoresh, Genocide Survivor and Founder and Chief Executive Officer, The Lotus Flower. For services to Refugees and Displaced Conflict Survivors in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Professor Gareth Stansfield, Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean, University of Exeter. For services to UK interests in Iraq. Michael Vidler, Solicitor, lately of Vidlers and Co Solicitors, Hong Kong.
=== Laboratory Analysers === Automated analysers, by the association of robotics and spectrophotometry, have allowed these last decades better reproducibility of the results, in particular in medical biochemistry and hematology. Efficiency and productivity can be enhanced by automating the pre-analytical processing, including barcode reading, sorting, centrifuging, and aliquoting specimens. The analysers must undergo daily controls prior to performing patient testing. Analysers must also undergo daily, weekly and monthly maintenance. Quality management involves reviewing quality control trends to detect emerging problems in instrument calibration, correlating results between instruments that perform similar testing, and running standardized samples to prove linearity and precision. Some laboratory processes involve automated analysis combined with manual review by technologists. For example, when hematology analysers flag samples as abnormal, automated white blood cell differential counts may be superseded by manual differential counts using stained slides read at the microscope or scanned by digital imaging software. Laboratory technologists may flag abnormal samples for pathologist review. The pathologist may recommend additional testing, such as flow cytometry to identify lymphoma or leukemia cells, or cytology to characterize solid tumor cells.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Interactions == Pindolol has been found to robustly potentiate the effects of the serotonergic psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT). This is thought to be due to its serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonism, which is thought to disinhibit the effects of DMT.
Norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI or nBNI) is an opioid receptor antagonist used in scientific research. It is a highly selective inverse agonist for the κ-opioid receptor. In animals, nor-BNI blocks the effects of κ-opioids with a slow onset and an exceptionally long duration of action (up to several months). It produces antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects in animal models.
17 February – A global review of harms from personal car automobility finds cars have killed 60–80 million people since their invention, with automobility causing roughly every 34th death, and summarises interventions that are ready for implementation to reduce the, largely crash-linked or pollution-mediated, deaths from automobility-centrism and dependency. 19 February Astronomers announce the most luminous object ever discovered, quasar QSO J0529-4351, located 12 billion light-years away in the constellation Pictor. Researchers with the University of Tennessee and University of Missouri publish an academic study about how survivors from the 2011 Joplin tornado recover from "Tornado Brain", a new term for the PTSD of tornado survivors. 20 February – The northern green anaconda (Eunectes akayima), a new species of the giant snake, is described for the first time. 21 February Researchers use artificial intelligence to forecast plasma instabilities in fusion reactors up to 300 milliseconds in advance. The first neuroimaging study that shows flow state-related brain activity during a creative production task, jazz improvisation, is published. Its results support a theory that creative flow represents optimized specialized processing enabled by extensive experience, relaxing conscious control.
== Taxonomic history == Blastocystis hominis was initially misidentified as a yeast in the early twentieth century and has undergone several taxonomic reclassifications. Alexeieff (1911) initially classified it as a flagellate cyst, but Brumpt (1912) later established it as a distinct organism. Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have definitively assigned it to Stramenopiles, a diverse group of predominantly photosynthetic organisms. Genetic studies have identified several subtypes, each with different host specificities and potential pathogenic abilities
==== Criticism ==== David Handelsman has criticized terminology and understanding surrounding AAS in many publications. According to Handelsman, the pharmaceutical industry attempted to dissociate the so-called "androgenic" and "anabolic" effects of AAS in the mid-20th-century in order to create non-masculinizing anabolic agents that would be more suitable for use in women and children. However, this effort was unsuccessful and was abandoned by the 1970s. This was related to the subsequent discovery of a single androgen receptor (AR) mediating the effects of AAS in both muscle and reproductive tissue. In addition, it was related to misinterpretation of flawed animal androgen bioassays that had been employed to distinguish between androgenic or virilizing effects and anabolic or myotrophic effects (i.e., the Hershberger assay involving the unrepresentative levator ani muscle). In actuality, all AAS have essentially similar AR-mediated effects, even if some AAS may vary in potency in certain tissues like skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland based on their susceptibility to 5α-reduction (and associated metabolic amplification, inactivation, or lack thereof). Per Handelsman, the terms "anabolic steroid" and "anabolic–androgenic steroid" are obsolete, meaningless, and falsely distinguish these agents from androgens when there is no physiological basis for such distinction. It has also been noted that the use and distinction of the concepts "anabolic" and "androgenic", as well as the term "anabolic–androgenic steroid", are oxymoronic.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
NMN stands for nicotinamide mononucleotide. It is a naturally occurring nucleotide and an intermediate in NAD+ biosynthesis.
No. NMN is a precursor that can be converted to NAD+ in cells. NAD+ is the larger dinucleotide that participates in many redox reactions.
Small amounts of NMN have been reported in several foods, including certain vegetables and fruits. The measured levels vary, and the significance of dietary intake is not fully established.
NMN is nicotinamide mononucleotide, a nucleotide intermediate in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Cells use it to help regenerate NAD+, a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism and cellular signaling. It is present naturally in many organisms and is also produced synthetically for research and consumer products.